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There,,are,,two,,approaches,,to,,instruction,,level,,parallelism:See,,also[edit]Superscalar,,,execution,,,,VLIW,,,,and,,,the,,,closely,,,related,,,explicitly,,,parallel,,,instruction,,,computing,,,concepts,,,,in,,,which,,,multiple,,,execution,,,units,,,are,,,used,,,to,,,execute,,,multiple,,,instructions,,,in,,,parallelInstead,,the,industry,is,heading,towards,exploiting,higher,levels,of,parallelism,that,can,be,exploited,through,techniques,such,as,multiprocessing,and,multithreading.[3]It,,,is,,,known,,,that,,,the,,,ILP,,,is,,,exploited,,,by,,,both,,,the,,,compiler,,,and,,,hardware,,,support,,,but,,,the,,,compiler,,,also,,,provides,,,inherit,,,and,,,implicit,,,ILP,,,in,,,programs,,,to,,,hardware,,,by,,,compilation,,,optimization

A,,commonly,,used,,form,,of,,speculative,,execution,,is,,control,,flow,,speculation,,where,,instructions,,past,,a,,control,,flow,,instruction,,(e.g.,,,a,,branch),,are,,executed,,before,,the,,target,,of,,the,,control,,flow,,instruction,,is,,determinedv,,t,,e,,Parallel,,computing,,General,,Distributed,,computing,,Parallel,,computing,,Massively,,parallel,,Cloud,,computing,,High-performance,,computing,,Multiprocessing,,Manycore,,processor,,GPGPU,,Computer,,network,,Systolic,,array,,Levels,,Bit,,Instruction,,Thread,,Task,,Data,,Memory,,Loop,,Pipeline,,Multithreading,,Temporal,,Simultaneous,,(SMT),,Speculative,,(SpMT),,Preemptive,,Cooperative,,Clustered,,Multi-Thread,,(CMT),,Hardware,,scout,,Theory,,PRAM,,model,,Analysis,,of,,parallel,,algorithms,,Amdahl’s,,law,,Gustafson’s,,law,,Cost,,efficiency,,KarpFlatt,,metric,,Slowdown,,Speedup,,Elements,,Process,,Thread,,Fiber,,Instruction,,window,,Coordination,,Multiprocessing,,Memory,,coherency,,Cache,,coherency,,Cache,,invalidation,,Barrier,,Synchronization,,Application,,checkpointing,,Programming,,Stream,,processing,,Dataflow,,programming,,Models,,Implicit,,parallelism,,Explicit,,parallelism,,Concurrency,,Non-blocking,,algorithm,,Hardware,,Flynn’s,,taxonomy,,SISD,,SIMD,,SIMT,,MISD,,MIMD,,Dataflow,,architecture,,Pipelined,,processor,,Superscalar,,processor,,Vector,,processor,,Multiprocessor,,symmetric,,asymmetric,,Memory,,shared,,distributed,,distributed,,shared,,UMA,,NUMA,,COMA,,Massively,,parallel,,computer,,Computer,,cluster,,Grid,,computer,,APIs,,Ateji,,PX,,Boost.Thread,,Chapel,,Charm++,,Cilk,,Coarray,,Fortran,,CUDA,,Dryad,,C++,,AMP,,Global,,Arrays,,MPI,,OpenMP,,OpenCL,,OpenHMPP,,OpenACC,,TPL,,PLINQ,,PVM,,POSIX,,Threads,,RaftLib,,UPC,,TBB,,ZPL,,Problems,,Deadlock,,Livelock,,Deterministic,,algorithm,,Embarrassingly,,parallel,,Parallel,,slowdown,,Race,,condition,,Software,,lockout,,Scalability,,Starvation,,Category:,,parallel,,computing,,Media,,related,,to,,Parallel,,computing,,at,,Wikimedia,,Commons,,External,,links[edit]Register,,renaming,,which,,refers,,to,,a,,technique,,used,,to,,avoid,,unnecessary,,serialization,,of,,program,,operations,,imposed,,by,,the,,reuse,,of,,registers,,by,,those,,operations,,,used,,to,,enable,,out-of-order,,executionReferences[edit]^,Reflections,of,the,Memory,Wall,Out-of-order,,execution,,where,,instructions,,execute,,in,,any,,order,,that,,does,,not,,violate,,data,,dependenciesBranch,prediction,is,used,with,speculative,execution

Moreover,,,the,,complexity,,and,,often,,the,,latency,,of,,the,,underlying,,hardware,,structures,,results,,in,,reduced,,operating,,frequency,,further,,reducing,,any,,benefitsOperation,,,3,,,depends,,,on,,,the,,,results,,,of,,,operations,,,1,,,and,,,2,,,,so,,,it,,,cannot,,,be,,,calculated,,,until,,,both,,,of,,,them,,,are,,,completedOrdinary,,,programs,,,are,,,typically,,,written,,,under,,,a,,,sequential,,,execution,,,model,,,where,,,instructions,,,execute,,,one,,,after,,,the,,,other,,,and,,,in,,,the,,,order,,,specified,,,by,,,the,,,programmerSpeculative,,execution,,which,,allow,,the,,execution,,of,,complete,,instructions,,or,,parts,,of,,instructions,,before,,being,,certain,,whether,,this,,execution,,should,,take,,placeSome,limits,to,ILP,are,compiler,sophistication,and,hardware,sophisticationIn,,,recent,,,years,,,,ILP,,,techniques,,,have,,,been,,,used,,,to,,,provide,,,performance,,,improvements,,,in,,,spite,,,of,,,the,,,growing,,,disparity,,,between,,,processor,,,operating,,,frequencies,,,and,,,memory,,,access,,,times,,,(early,,,ILP,,,designs,,,such,,,as,,,the,,,IBM,,,System/360,,,Model,,,91,,,used,,,ILP,,,techniques,,,to,,,overcome,,,the,,,limitations,,,imposed,,,by,,,a,,,relatively,,,small,,,register,,,file)AtanasoffBerry,,computer,,,the,,first,,computer,,with,,parallel,,processing[1],,How,,much,,ILP,,exists,,in,,programs,,is,,very,,application,,specific

While,in,principle,it,is,possible,to,use,ILP,to,tolerate,even,such,memory,latencies,the,associated,resource,and,power,dissipation,costs,are,disproportionateTo,,overcome,,these,,limits,,,new,,and,,different,,hardware,,techniques,,may,,be,,able,,to,,overcome,,limitationsData,,,dependency,,,Memory-level,,,parallelism,,,(MLP),,,An,,alternative,,is,,to,,extract,,this,,parallelism,,at,,compile,,time,,and,,somehow,,convey,,this,,information,,to,,the,,hardwareConsider,,,the,,,following,,,program:Hence,,the,aforementioned,techniques,prove,inadequate,to,keep,the,CPU,from,stalling,for,the,off-chip,dataApproaches,,,to,,,addressing,,,the,,,Memory,,,Wall,,,Wired,,,magazine,,,article,,,that,,,refers,,,to,,,the,,,above,,,paper,,,Several,,,other,,,forms,,,of,,,speculative,,,execution,,,have,,,been,,,proposed,,,and,,,are,,,in,,,use,,,including,,,speculative,,,execution,,,driven,,,by,,,value,,,prediction,,,,memory,,,dependence,,,prediction,,,and,,,cache,,,latency,,,prediction 68ab3a233e
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